A nurse is caring for a client who is coming to the clinic for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing. The patient's enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results are positive. Which test will be used to confirm the diagnosis of HIV?
Quantitative RNA assay
Western blot analysis
Viral load test
CD4+ T-cell count
The Correct Answer is B
A. A quantitative RNA assay is used to measure the amount of HIV RNA in the blood and is not used for confirmatory diagnosis after a positive ELISA.
B. The Western blot analysis is the standard confirmatory test for HIV following a positive ELISA result, as it specifically detects the presence of antibodies to HIV proteins.
C. A viral load test assesses the level of virus in the blood but does not confirm the diagnosis of HIV.
D. The CD4+ T-cell count is used to assess immune function in individuals with HIV but is not a confirmatory test for the diagnosis of the virus.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Over-hydration is not a trigger for a sickle cell crisis; in fact, adequate hydration helps prevent sickling of the cells.
B. Dehydration is a significant trigger for sickle cell crises, as it can lead to increased blood viscosity and sickling of red blood cells.
C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often used to manage pain associated with sickle cell crises, but they do not trigger a crisis.
D. Vaccinations are important for preventing infections in individuals with sickle cell anemia but are not associated with triggering a sickle cell crisis.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Candidiasis, commonly known as thrush, is characterized by white lesions on the tongue and is a common opportunistic infection in clients with AIDS due to their compromised immune system.
B. Xerostomia refers to dry mouth and does not cause white lesions; it can occur in various conditions but is not an opportunistic infection.
C. Halitosis is bad breath and does not correlate with white lesions on the tongue; it can result from various causes but is not an infection.
D. Gingivitis involves inflammation of the gums and may present with red, swollen gums but does not typically cause white lesions on the tongue.