A nurse is caring for a client who is coming to the clinic for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing. The patient's enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results are positive. Which test will be used to confirm the diagnosis of HIV?
Quantitative RNA assay
Western blot analysis
Viral load test
CD4+ T-cell count
The Correct Answer is B
A. A quantitative RNA assay is used to measure the amount of HIV RNA in the blood and is not used for confirmatory diagnosis after a positive ELISA.
B. The Western blot analysis is the standard confirmatory test for HIV following a positive ELISA result, as it specifically detects the presence of antibodies to HIV proteins.
C. A viral load test assesses the level of virus in the blood but does not confirm the diagnosis of HIV.
D. The CD4+ T-cell count is used to assess immune function in individuals with HIV but is not a confirmatory test for the diagnosis of the virus.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. While legumes are a good source of protein, they do not provide the high-calorie density needed for someone experiencing wasting syndrome.
B. Consuming high-calorie snacks between meals is the most appropriate suggestion as it helps increase overall caloric intake, which is essential for clients with wasting syndrome to help maintain weight and improve nutritional status.
C. Using canola oil instead of butter may not significantly impact caloric intake, and clients with wasting syndrome may need higher-calorie options.
D. Adding celery to soups or salads adds volume but is low in calories and may not contribute significantly to the dietary needs of someone experiencing wasting syndrome.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Sharp pain in the lower back is a classic symptom of an acute hemolytic reaction, which can occur due to incompatible blood transfusions.
B. Coughing more could indicate a transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) but is not a typical sign of an acute hemolytic reaction.
C. Ringing in the ears can occur with other conditions but is not a common sign of an acute hemolytic reaction.
D. Feeling needles poking in the feet is vague and not specifically associated with acute hemolytic reactions, which are characterized by more severe systemic symptoms.