A nurse is caring for a client who has benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The nurse should expect which of the following findings?
Painful urination
Urge incontinence
Critically elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level
Difficulty starting the flow of urine
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A: Painful urination
Painful urination, or dysuria, is not a typical symptom of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BPH primarily affects the flow of urine due to the enlargement of the prostate gland, which can obstruct the urethra. While BPH can cause discomfort, it does not usually result in painful urination. Painful urination is more commonly associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) or other conditions affecting the urinary tract.
Choice B: Urge incontinence
Urge incontinence, characterized by a sudden and intense urge to urinate followed by involuntary loss of urine, can occur in some cases of BPH but is not the most common symptom. BPH typically causes symptoms related to urinary obstruction, such as difficulty starting urination, weak urine stream, and incomplete bladder emptying. Urge incontinence may develop if the bladder becomes overactive due to the obstruction, but it is not a primary symptom.
Choice C: Critically elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level
While an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level can be associated with BPH, it is not a definitive finding. PSA levels can be elevated due to various conditions, including prostate cancer, prostatitis, and BPH. However, a critically elevated PSA level is more concerning for prostate cancer rather than BPH. Therefore, while PSA testing is useful in the evaluation of prostate conditions, it is not specific to BPH.
Choice D: Difficulty starting the flow of urine
Difficulty starting the flow of urine, also known as hesitancy, is a hallmark symptom of BPH. The enlarged prostate gland can compress the urethra, making it difficult for urine to pass through. This can lead to a weak urine stream, straining to urinate, and a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. These symptoms are collectively known as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and are commonly associated with BPH.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Bradycardia:
Bradycardia, or a slow heart rate, is not typically associated with diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus primarily affects the body’s ability to regulate fluid balance, leading to excessive urination and thirst. Bradycardia is more commonly related to conditions affecting the heart or the autonomic nervous system.
Choice B reason: Hyperglycemia:
Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus, not diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus is characterized by the kidneys’ inability to concentrate urine, leading to large volumes of dilute urine and increased thirst3. Hyperglycemia is not a symptom of diabetes insipidus.
Choice C reason: Dehydration:
Dehydration is a common and significant finding in diabetes insipidus. Due to the excessive loss of water through urine, individuals with diabetes insipidus often experience severe thirst and dehydration if they do not consume enough fluids to compensate for the loss. This is a key symptom that helps differentiate diabetes insipidus from other conditions.
Choice D reason: Polyphagia:
Polyphagia, or excessive hunger, is typically associated with diabetes mellitus, particularly when blood sugar levels are high and the body’s cells are not receiving adequate glucose. In diabetes insipidus, the primary symptoms are related to fluid imbalance, such as excessive urination (polyuria) and thirst (polydipsia), rather than hunger.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Draw sheet:
A draw sheet can be used to assist in repositioning a patient, but it is not the most effective method for turning a client who has undergone spinal fusion. The primary concern is to maintain spinal alignment, which is best achieved through the log roll technique.
Choice B reason: Log roll:
The log roll technique is the preferred method for turning patients who have had spinal surgery. This technique involves moving the patient as a single unit, keeping the spine in alignment to prevent any twisting or bending that could disrupt the surgical site. It is especially important for obese patients to ensure that the spine remains stable during movement.
Choice C reason: Sliding board:
A sliding board is typically used to assist with transfers from one surface to another, such as from a bed to a wheelchair. It is not suitable for turning a patient in bed, particularly one who has had spinal surgery.
Choice D reason: Hoyer lift:
A Hoyer lift is a mechanical device used to lift and transfer patients who are unable to move themselves. While it can be useful for transferring patients, it is not designed for turning patients in bed and does not provide the necessary support to maintain spinal alignment during a turn.