A nurse is caring for a client who has benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The nurse should expect which of the following findings?
Painful urination
Urge incontinence
Critically elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level
Difficulty starting the flow of urine
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A: Painful urination
Painful urination, or dysuria, is not a typical symptom of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BPH primarily affects the flow of urine due to the enlargement of the prostate gland, which can obstruct the urethra. While BPH can cause discomfort, it does not usually result in painful urination. Painful urination is more commonly associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) or other conditions affecting the urinary tract.
Choice B: Urge incontinence
Urge incontinence, characterized by a sudden and intense urge to urinate followed by involuntary loss of urine, can occur in some cases of BPH but is not the most common symptom. BPH typically causes symptoms related to urinary obstruction, such as difficulty starting urination, weak urine stream, and incomplete bladder emptying. Urge incontinence may develop if the bladder becomes overactive due to the obstruction, but it is not a primary symptom.
Choice C: Critically elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level
While an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level can be associated with BPH, it is not a definitive finding. PSA levels can be elevated due to various conditions, including prostate cancer, prostatitis, and BPH. However, a critically elevated PSA level is more concerning for prostate cancer rather than BPH. Therefore, while PSA testing is useful in the evaluation of prostate conditions, it is not specific to BPH.
Choice D: Difficulty starting the flow of urine
Difficulty starting the flow of urine, also known as hesitancy, is a hallmark symptom of BPH. The enlarged prostate gland can compress the urethra, making it difficult for urine to pass through. This can lead to a weak urine stream, straining to urinate, and a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. These symptoms are collectively known as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and are commonly associated with BPH.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A: Low-Grade Fever
Low-grade fever is a common early symptom of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is often associated with the body’s inflammatory response to the autoimmune activity occurring in the joints. While it can persist throughout the disease, it is not considered a late manifestation.
Choice B: Weight Loss
Weight loss can occur in RA due to chronic inflammation and its effects on metabolism and appetite. However, it is more commonly seen in the early to middle stages of the disease rather than as a late manifestation. Persistent inflammation can lead to muscle wasting and weight loss, but these are not specific to the advanced stages of RA.
Choice C: Anorexia
Anorexia, or loss of appetite, is another symptom that can be present in RA. It is often related to the chronic inflammation and pain associated with the disease, which can reduce a person’s desire to eat. Like weight loss, anorexia can occur at various stages of RA and is not specifically a late manifestation.
Choice D: Knuckle Deformity
Knuckle deformity is a late manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. As RA progresses, the chronic inflammation can lead to joint damage and deformities, particularly in the hands and fingers. This includes changes such as ulnar deviation, swan neck deformities, and boutonnière deformities. These deformities result from the destruction of joint tissues and the formation of scar tissue, which can significantly impair hand function.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A: Relapse is an Indication that You Are Not Taking Your Medications Properly
This statement is not entirely accurate. While non-adherence to medication can be a factor in relapse, it is not the only cause. Schizophrenia is a complex condition, and relapses can occur even when medications are taken as prescribed. Stress, changes in routine, and other factors can also contribute to a relapse.
Choice B: You Should Keep Your Provider’s and Therapist’s Number with You
This statement indicates an understanding of the importance of having immediate access to professional help. Keeping contact information for healthcare providers and therapists readily available ensures that the client can quickly reach out for support if they notice early signs of relapse. This proactive approach can help manage symptoms before they escalate.
Choice C: Taking an Additional Dose of Medication is Appropriate as Soon as Signs of Relapse Appear
This statement is incorrect. Clients should not adjust their medication dosage without consulting their healthcare provider. Taking an additional dose can lead to adverse effects and may not address the underlying issue. It is crucial to follow the prescribed treatment plan and seek professional advice if symptoms worsen.
Choice D: You Should Be Aware that Excessive Sleeping is an Early Sign of Relapse
Excessive sleeping is not typically an early sign of schizophrenia relapse. Common early warning signs include insomnia, social withdrawal, difficulty concentrating, and increased paranoia. While changes in sleep patterns can be a symptom, it is more important to recognize the specific signs that have previously indicated a relapse for the individual.