A nurse is caring for a client who has benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The nurse should expect which of the following findings?
Painful urination
Urge incontinence
Critically elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level
Difficulty starting the flow of urine
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A: Painful urination
Painful urination, or dysuria, is not a typical symptom of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BPH primarily affects the flow of urine due to the enlargement of the prostate gland, which can obstruct the urethra. While BPH can cause discomfort, it does not usually result in painful urination. Painful urination is more commonly associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) or other conditions affecting the urinary tract.
Choice B: Urge incontinence
Urge incontinence, characterized by a sudden and intense urge to urinate followed by involuntary loss of urine, can occur in some cases of BPH but is not the most common symptom. BPH typically causes symptoms related to urinary obstruction, such as difficulty starting urination, weak urine stream, and incomplete bladder emptying. Urge incontinence may develop if the bladder becomes overactive due to the obstruction, but it is not a primary symptom.
Choice C: Critically elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level
While an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level can be associated with BPH, it is not a definitive finding. PSA levels can be elevated due to various conditions, including prostate cancer, prostatitis, and BPH. However, a critically elevated PSA level is more concerning for prostate cancer rather than BPH. Therefore, while PSA testing is useful in the evaluation of prostate conditions, it is not specific to BPH.
Choice D: Difficulty starting the flow of urine
Difficulty starting the flow of urine, also known as hesitancy, is a hallmark symptom of BPH. The enlarged prostate gland can compress the urethra, making it difficult for urine to pass through. This can lead to a weak urine stream, straining to urinate, and a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. These symptoms are collectively known as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and are commonly associated with BPH.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason:
Intense pruritus: While itching (pruritus) can be a symptom of skin conditions, it is not a definitive sign of malignancy in nevi. Pruritus can be associated with benign conditions such as eczema or allergic reactions. However, if a mole starts to itch, it should be monitored closely, but it is not as strong an indicator of malignancy as irregular borders.
Choice B reason:
Irregular borders: This is a significant sign of potential malignancy in nevi. Melanomas often have uneven, notched, or scalloped borders, unlike benign moles, which typically have smooth, even borders. The irregularity in the border is due to the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes, which can spread unevenly.
Choice C reason:
Uniform pigmentation: Uniform pigmentation is generally a sign of a benign mole. Malignant moles often have multiple colors or an uneven distribution of color, which can include shades of brown, black, red, white, or blue. A mole with uniform color is less likely to be malignant.
Choice D reason:
Purulent drainage: While purulent drainage (pus) indicates an infection, it is not a typical sign of malignancy in nevi. Infections can occur in any skin lesion, but they do not specifically indicate cancer. Malignant moles are more likely to change in size, shape, or color rather than produce pus.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A: Dried fruits
Dried fruits are generally high in fiber, which can be problematic for individuals with a colostomy, especially in the initial weeks following surgery. High-fiber foods can increase stool bulk and may cause blockages or discomfort. It is recommended to avoid high-fiber foods until the digestive system has adjusted and the healthcare provider gives the go-ahead to reintroduce them gradually.
Choice B: Dried peas
Dried peas, like other legumes, are also high in fiber and can cause gas and bloating. These symptoms can be particularly uncomfortable for individuals with a colostomy. Additionally, legumes can increase the risk of blockages in the stoma. Therefore, it is advisable to avoid dried peas and other high-fiber legumes until the digestive system has fully adjusted.
Choice C: Eggs
Eggs are an excellent food choice for individuals with a colostomy. They are high in protein, which is essential for wound healing and overall recovery. Eggs are also easy to digest and do not typically cause gas or bloating. Including eggs in the diet can help ensure that the client receives adequate nutrition without causing digestive discomfort.
Choice D: Pasta
Pasta, particularly refined pasta, is generally low in fiber and easy to digest, making it a suitable food choice for individuals with a colostomy. It provides a good source of carbohydrates, which are important for energy. However, it is essential to monitor portion sizes and avoid adding high-fat or high-fiber ingredients that could cause digestive issues.
