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A nurse is caring for a client in a cardiac unit. Using the five criteria for ECG analysis information, the nurse interprets the client's ECG as which of the following rhythm interpretations?Heart Rate: 59 bpmRhythm: RegularPresence of P waves: One P wave for every QRS complexPR interval: 0.20 secondsQRS complex duration: 0.10 seconds

Ventricular tachycardia

Sinus tachycardia

Sinus bradycardia

Normal sinus rhythm

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A) Ventricular tachycardia: Ventricular tachycardia is characterized by a rapid heart rate exceeding 100 bpm, typically arising from abnormal ventricular activity. In this case, the heart rate is 59 bpm, which does not support this interpretation. Additionally, ventricular tachycardia usually presents with wide QRS complexes and no discernible P waves, neither of which is true in this scenario.

B) Sinus tachycardia: Sinus tachycardia is defined by a heart rate exceeding 100 bpm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, with a regular rhythm and normal P waves. The heart rate of 59 bpm in this client is too low for a diagnosis of sinus tachycardia, making this option incorrect.

C) Sinus bradycardia: Sinus bradycardia occurs when the heart rate is less than 60 bpm, with a regular rhythm and a normal PR interval and QRS duration. The provided data shows a heart rate of 59 bpm, a regular rhythm, one P wave for every QRS complex, a PR interval of 0.20 seconds, and a QRS duration of 0.10 seconds, which aligns perfectly with the criteria for sinus bradycardia.

D) Normal sinus rhythm: Normal sinus rhythm typically presents with a heart rate of 60-100 bpm, a regular rhythm, and appropriate P waves for each QRS complex. Given the heart rate of 59 bpm, this does not meet the criteria for normal sinus rhythm, as it falls below the acceptable range.

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A. "For confirmed diagnosis of hypertension, the BP readings should be higher than normal on 2 or more separate occasions." B. "For confirmed diagnosis of hypertension, BP readings should be lower than normal on only one occasion." C. "For confirmed diagnosis of hypertension, BP readings should be higher than normal on more than three separate occasions." D. "For confirmed diagnosis of hypertension, the BP readings should be higher than normal on only one occasion."

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. "For confirmed diagnosis of hypertension, the BP readings should be higher than normal on 2 or more separate occasions.": This statement accurately reflects the criteria for diagnosing hypertension. According to guidelines, a diagnosis is typically confirmed when blood pressure readings consistently exceed normal levels (usually defined as 130/80 mm Hg) on two or more separate visits.

B. "For confirmed diagnosis of hypertension, BP readings should be lower than normal on only one occasion.": This statement is incorrect. A single low reading does not confirm a diagnosis of hypertension. In fact, it contradicts the concept of hypertension, which involves consistently high readings.

C. "For confirmed diagnosis of hypertension, BP readings should be higher than normal on more than three separate occasions.": This statement is misleading. While multiple readings are often taken, the threshold for diagnosis is two or more elevated readings, not three.

D. "For confirmed diagnosis of hypertension, the BP readings should be higher than normal on only one occasion.": This statement is inaccurate, as a single elevated reading is not sufficient for diagnosis. Consistent elevations over multiple occasions are necessary for a confirmed diagnosis.

A. Family history B. High blood pressure C. Obesity D. Age E. Lack of physical activity F. Gender

Correct Answer is ["B","C","E","G"]

Explanation

A) Family history: Family history is a significant non-modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis. While individuals cannot change their genetic predisposition, awareness of family history can inform lifestyle choices and risk assessments. Those with a family history should be particularly vigilant about managing other risk factors.

B) High blood pressure: High blood pressure is a modifiable risk factor that can be controlled through lifestyle changes such as diet, exercise, and medication if necessary. Effective management of hypertension can significantly reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases.

C) Obesity: Obesity is another modifiable risk factor. Individuals can manage their weight through healthy eating, physical activity, and lifestyle modifications. Reducing obesity can improve overall cardiovascular health and decrease the risk of developing atherosclerosis.

D) Age: Age is a non-modifiable risk factor. As people age, the risk for atherosclerosis naturally increases due to various biological changes. While aging itself cannot be altered, awareness of age-related risks can prompt individuals to adopt healthier lifestyles.

E) Lack of physical activity: This is a modifiable risk factor. Increasing physical activity can improve cardiovascular health and reduce the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis. Regular exercise can help maintain a healthy weight and improve blood pressure and cholesterol levels, contributing to overall heart health.

F) Gender: Gender is also a non-modifiable risk factor. While certain genders may have different risks at various life stages (e.g., men often have a higher risk at a younger age), this characteristic cannot be changed. Understanding gender-related risks can aid in tailoring preventive strategies but does not offer a means of modification.

G) Smoking: Smoking is a critical modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis. Quitting smoking can significantly lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases and improve overall health. Smoking cessation should be a priority for individuals looking to prevent or manage atherosclerosis effectively.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Correct Answer is ["B","C","E","G"]

Explanation

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