A nurse is caring for a 6-month-old infant who is postoperative following a myringotomy. Which of the following pain scales should the nurse use to determine the infant’s pain level?
Visual Analog Scale.
FLACC.
Oucher.
Faces.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A rationale
The Visual Analog Scale is used for older children and adults who can understand and communicate their pain level.
Choice B rationale
The FLACC scale (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) is specifically designed for assessing pain in infants and young children who are unable to communicate their pain verbally.
Choice C rationale
The Oucher scale is used for children aged 3 to 12 years and involves matching facial expressions to a pain level.
Choice D rationale
The Faces scale is used for children aged 3 years and older who can point to a face that best represents their pain level.
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Correct Answer is ["A","C","D"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale
A family history of breast cancer is a significant risk factor because genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can be inherited and increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer.
Choice B rationale
Multiparity (having multiple pregnancies) is generally considered to reduce the risk of breast cancer. This is because pregnancy and breastfeeding lower the number of menstrual cycles a woman has, reducing her lifetime exposure to estrogen.
Choice C rationale
Exposure of the chest to high-dose radiation, especially during childhood or young adulthood, increases the risk of breast cancer. Radiation can cause mutations in breast cells, leading to cancer.
Choice D rationale
Previous cancer of the breast, uterus, or ovaries increases the risk of developing breast cancer. This is due to shared risk factors and the possibility of metastasis or recurrence.
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale
A nagging cough is one of the seven warning signs of cancer. Persistent coughing or hoarseness can indicate lung cancer or other cancers affecting the respiratory system. It is important to investigate any chronic cough that does not resolve with standard treatment.
Choice B rationale
A non-healing sore is another warning sign of cancer. Sores that do not heal, especially in the mouth or on the skin, can be indicative of skin cancer or oral cancer. These sores may bleed, ooze, or become crusty and should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.
Choice C rationale
A change in moles is a significant warning sign of skin cancer, particularly melanoma. Changes in size, shape, color, or texture of a mole, or the appearance of new moles, should be assessed by a healthcare provider. Early detection of skin changes can lead to prompt treatment and better outcomes.
Choice D rationale
A change in bowel pattern is a warning sign of colorectal cancer. Symptoms such as persistent diarrhea, constipation, or changes in stool consistency or color can indicate an underlying malignancy in the digestive tract. It is important to seek medical evaluation for any unexplained changes in bowel habits.
Choice E rationale
Bloating is not typically included in the seven warning signs of cancer. While bloating can be a symptom of various conditions, including ovarian cancer, it is not one of the primary warning signs used to identify cancer. The focus should be on the more specific signs listed above.