A nurse is auscultating the lungs of a client who has pleurisy. Which of the following adventitious breath sounds should the nurse expect to hear?
Popping sounds
Loud, gating sounds
Snoring sounds
Squeaky, musical sounds
The Correct Answer is B
Rationale:
A. Popping sounds, also known as crackles, are typically associated with fluid in the alveoli, often seen in conditions like pneumonia or heart failure, not pleurisy.
B. Loud, grating sounds, known as pleural friction rub, are characteristic of pleurisy. This sound is produced by the inflamed pleural surfaces rubbing together during respiration.
C. Snoring sounds, or rhonchi, are usually heard in conditions involving airway obstruction by mucus, such as bronchitis, rather than pleurisy.
D. Squeaky, musical sounds, or wheezing, are associated with airway narrowing, such as in asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and are not typically heard in pleurisy.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Desmopressin is a synthetic analog of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and is used to reduce urine output in conditions like diabetes insipidus. Monitoring urine output is the primary way to assess the effectiveness of this medication. A decrease in urine volume indicates the medication is working effectively.
B. Pupillary response is not relevant in assessing the effectiveness of desmopressin.
C. Temperature monitoring is important in general patient care but does not directly relate to the effectiveness of desmopressin.
D. Apical heart rate is important to monitor in many scenarios but is not a direct indicator of desmopressin's effectiveness.
Correct Answer is ["A","C","D","E"]
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Reducing cholesterol and saturated fat intake is important for managing cardiovascular health, which is crucial for clients with diabetes to prevent complications such as heart disease and stroke.
B. Sustaining hyperglycemia is incorrect; it actually contributes to complications like neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. The goal is to maintain blood glucose levels within the target range.
C. Maintaining optimal blood pressure is essential in preventing diabetic nephropathy, as high blood pressure can damage the kidneys and worsen diabetic kidney disease.
D. Increasing physical activity helps improve insulin sensitivity, control blood glucose levels, and reduce the risk of complications associated with diabetes.
E. Smoking cessation is critical in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is higher in clients with diabetes. Smoking can exacerbate the complications of diabetes.