A nurse is assessing a toddler who has heart failure. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?
Bradycardia
Weight loss
Orthopnea
Increased urine output
The Correct Answer is C
A. Bradycardia is not typically expected in toddlers with heart failure; instead, tachycardia (increased heart rate) is more common as the body compensates for decreased cardiac output.
B. Weight loss is generally not a typical finding in toddlers with heart failure; rather, they often experience weight gain due to fluid retention.
C. Orthopnea, or difficulty breathing when lying flat, is a common symptom of heart failure and would be expected in a toddler due to fluid overload affecting respiratory function.
D. Increased urine output is usually not expected in heart failure; rather, fluid retention often leads to decreased urine output as the kidneys respond to the body's fluid balance needs.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Tricuspid atresia typically leads to decreased pulmonary blood flow due to the absence of normal blood flow to the lungs.
B. Patent ductus arteriosus results in increased pulmonary blood flow because it allows blood to flow from the aorta to the pulmonary artery, increasing the volume of blood going to the lungs.
C. Coarctation of the aorta can cause decreased blood flow to the lower body, which may not directly relate to increased pulmonary blood flow.
D. Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by decreased pulmonary blood flow due to right ventricular outflow obstruction, making it not associated with increased pulmonary blood flow.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Using dessert as a reward for eating vegetables can create a negative association with healthy foods, making them seem like a chore rather than a normal part of the diet.
B. Labeling foods as "good" and "bad" can lead to guilt or shame around eating, which is counterproductive to fostering a healthy relationship with food.
C. Encouraging children to eat all the food on their plate, regardless of hunger cues, can promote overeating and a disconnection from their body's signals.
D. Offering a variety of foods and allowing children to choose from healthy options encourages autonomy, helps them explore new foods, and supports a positive relationship with food.