A nurse is assessing a toddler who has heart failure. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?
Bradycardia
Weight loss
Orthopnea
Increased urine output
The Correct Answer is C
A. Bradycardia is not typically expected in toddlers with heart failure; instead, tachycardia (increased heart rate) is more common as the body compensates for decreased cardiac output.
B. Weight loss is generally not a typical finding in toddlers with heart failure; rather, they often experience weight gain due to fluid retention.
C. Orthopnea, or difficulty breathing when lying flat, is a common symptom of heart failure and would be expected in a toddler due to fluid overload affecting respiratory function.
D. Increased urine output is usually not expected in heart failure; rather, fluid retention often leads to decreased urine output as the kidneys respond to the body's fluid balance needs.
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Correct Answer is ["C","D"]
Explanation
A. This reflects a lack of understanding of conservation, as cutting a sandwich does not increase the quantity of food.
B. This belief shows a misunderstanding of conservation, where children may not recognize that the volume remains constant regardless of the container's shape.
C. Understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even if its appearance changes is a key characteristic of conservation.
D. Recognizing that a ball of clay can be flattened and rolled back into a ball without changing its amount also demonstrates an understanding of conservation.
E. This belief indicates a misunderstanding of conservation, as the amount of liquid does not change based on the height or width of the container.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Giving pancreatic enzymes before snacks and meals is essential for children with cystic fibrosis to help with digestion and nutrient absorption due to their pancreatic insufficiency.
B. Children with CF often require increased salt intake, especially during hot weather or heavy exercise, due to higher salt losses in sweat.
C. A child with CF typically needs a high-calorie, high-fat diet to meet their energy requirements and to support growth, rather than low-fat meals with limited protein.
D. Limiting fluid intake is not recommended; children with CF often need to stay well-hydrated to help manage thick secretions and promote overall health.