A nurse is assessing a toddler who has heart failure. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?
Bradycardia
Weight loss
Orthopnea
Increased urine output
The Correct Answer is C
A. Bradycardia is not typically expected in toddlers with heart failure; instead, tachycardia (increased heart rate) is more common as the body compensates for decreased cardiac output.
B. Weight loss is generally not a typical finding in toddlers with heart failure; rather, they often experience weight gain due to fluid retention.
C. Orthopnea, or difficulty breathing when lying flat, is a common symptom of heart failure and would be expected in a toddler due to fluid overload affecting respiratory function.
D. Increased urine output is usually not expected in heart failure; rather, fluid retention often leads to decreased urine output as the kidneys respond to the body's fluid balance needs.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Egocentric thinking is characteristic of younger children in the preoperational stage, not adolescents.
B. Preoperational thinking applies to preschool-aged children and involves intuitive rather than logical reasoning.
C. Concrete thinking is typical of school-aged children in the concrete operational stage, where they think logically about concrete objects but may struggle with abstract concepts.
D. Abstract thinking develops during adolescence, allowing individuals to think logically about hypothetical situations, reason about moral issues, and engage in critical thinking.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Avoiding triggers that cause an asthma attack is crucial in managing asthma effectively and should be emphasized in education.
B. Cromolyn sodium is a preventive medication and should be taken regularly, not just at the first sign of difficulty; immediate relief medications are preferred during an attack.
C. The peak expiratory flow meter should be used daily to monitor asthma control, rather than just once a week.
D. It is generally not necessary for the child to stop playing sports; many children with asthma can participate in activities like basketball as long as their condition is well-managed.