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A nurse is assessing a toddler who has heart failure. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

A.

Bradycardia

B.

Weight loss

C.

Orthopnea

D.

Increased urine output

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Bradycardia is not typically expected in toddlers with heart failure; instead, tachycardia (increased heart rate) is more common as the body compensates for decreased cardiac output.  

 

B. Weight loss is generally not a typical finding in toddlers with heart failure; rather, they often experience weight gain due to fluid retention.  

 

C. Orthopnea, or difficulty breathing when lying flat, is a common symptom of heart failure and would be expected in a toddler due to fluid overload affecting respiratory function. 

 

D. Increased urine output is usually not expected in heart failure; rather, fluid retention often leads to decreased urine output as the kidneys respond to the body's fluid balance needs.


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Correct Answer is ["C","D","E"]

Explanation

A. Vocal changes are more pronounced in boys during puberty; girls typically do not experience significant vocal changes.

B. Height does not decrease; instead, girls experience a growth spurt during puberty before reaching their adult height.

C. Breast development is one of the first signs of puberty in girls, typically occurring between ages 8 and 13.

D. Menarche, the first menstrual period, usually occurs later in puberty and is an important milestone indicating the onset of reproductive capability.

E. Increased axillary hair growth is also a common change that occurs during puberty as hormone levels rise.

Correct Answer is ["C","D","E"]

Explanation

A. Pertussis, or whooping cough, primarily affects the respiratory tract, particularly the trachea and bronchi, not just the nostrils.

B. Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, making this statement incorrect as the infection is bacterial, not viral.

C. The toxins released by Bordetella pertussis damage the cilia of epithelial cells in the respiratory tract, leading to difficulty in clearing secretions.

D. The inflammation of the lungs and airways is a characteristic response to the infection, contributing to the symptoms of coughing and difficulty breathing.

E. The production of thick, mucus secretions is a hallmark of pertussis, which makes it challenging for the child to expel them, leading to severe coughing fits.

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