A nurse is assessing a newborn for manifestations of a large patent ductus arteriosus. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?
Weak pulses
Cyanosis with crying
Chronic hypoxemia
Systolic murmur
The Correct Answer is D
A. Weak pulses are more indicative of reduced cardiac output or other cardiac issues, rather than specifically a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
B. Cyanosis with crying can occur in various conditions, but it is not a hallmark of a large PDA; it typically presents with other symptoms.
C. Chronic hypoxemia is more associated with severe heart defects or lung conditions, whereas a large PDA may present with other signs first.
D. A systolic murmur is a classic finding in large PDAs due to the left-to-right shunting of blood, making it the most expected manifestation in this scenario.
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Correct Answer is ["C","D"]
Explanation
A. Object permanence is a cognitive ability typically developed during the sensorimotor stage (0-2 years), not during the concrete operational stage (7-11 years).
B. Egocentric thinking is characteristic of the preoperational stage (2-7 years) and decreases as children enter the concrete operational stage.
C. The ability to perform logical operations on concrete objects is a hallmark of the concrete operational stage, where children can think logically about physical objects and events.
D. Understanding the concept of conservation, which refers to recognizing that quantity does not change despite changes in shape or arrangement, is a key characteristic of the concrete operational stage.
E. Use of symbolic play is more characteristic of the preoperational stage, where children engage in imaginative play rather than concrete operations.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Distributive shock, particularly in the context of anaphylaxis, is characterized by widespread vasodilation that leads to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and impaired blood flow to organs despite normal or increased cardiac output.
B. This option is incorrect because distributive shock involves decreased systemic vascular resistance due to vasodilation rather than an increase.
C. This statement describes hypovolemic shock, not distributive shock. Distributive shock is not primarily caused by the loss of blood volume.
D. While loss of myocardial contractility can lead to cardiogenic shock, it is not the mechanism behind distributive shock, which is related to vascular tone rather than heart function.