A nurse is assessing a client with a temperature of 38.5°C (101.3°F) and a white blood cell count of 15,000/mm³. Which condition is the client most likely experiencing?
Bacterial infection.
Viral infection.
Fungal infection.
Parasitic infection.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Bacterial infection often leads to an elevated white blood cell count (15,000/mm³) and fever (38.5°C). The body’s immune response to bacterial pathogens results in these clinical manifestations.
Choice B rationale
Viral infections can cause fever, but they typically do not lead to a significant increase in white blood cell count.
Choice C rationale
Fungal infections can cause fever and elevated white blood cell count, but they are less common and usually occur in immunocompromised individuals.
Choice D rationale
Parasitic infections can cause fever and elevated white blood cell count, but they are less common and usually present with other specific symptoms.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Elevated blood ammonia levels are a common consequence of liver dysfunction, particularly in conditions like cirrhosis and alcoholic liver disease. The liver is responsible for converting ammonia, a byproduct of protein metabolism, into urea, which is then excreted by the kidneys. When the liver is damaged, it cannot effectively perform this function, leading to elevated blood ammonia levels. High ammonia levels can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause hepatic encephalopathy, which manifests as confusion, memory loss, and asterixis (a flapping tremor of the hands). These neurological symptoms are consistent with the patient’s presentation.
Choice B rationale
An increased white blood cell count typically indicates an infection or inflammation. While infections can occur in patients with liver disease due to a compromised immune system, the symptoms described (increased blood glucose, blurred vision, memory loss, and asterixis) are more indicative of hepatic encephalopathy rather than an infection.
Choice C rationale
Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels can occur in liver disease, but they are more commonly associated with kidney dysfunction. BUN is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from the waste product urea. While liver dysfunction can affect BUN levels, the symptoms described are more specifically related to elevated ammonia levels and hepatic encephalopathy.
Choice D rationale
A decreased platelet count, or thrombocytopenia, is a common finding in liver disease due to splenic sequestration and decreased production of thrombopoietin. However, thrombocytopenia does not directly cause the neurological symptoms described in the patient. The symptoms of increased blood glucose, blurred vision, memory loss, and asterixis are more specifically related to elevated ammonia levels and hepatic encephalopathy.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Checking blood sugar levels before each meal is a good practice for managing diabetes and does not indicate a need for further teaching.
Choice B rationale
Skipping medication if blood sugar is normal indicates a misunderstanding of diabetes management. Medications should be taken as prescribed to maintain consistent blood sugar levels.
Choice C rationale
Following a balanced diet and exercising regularly are important components of diabetes management and do not indicate a need for further teaching.
Choice D rationale
Monitoring feet for cuts or sores is crucial for diabetes management to prevent complications like infections and ulcers.