A nurse is assessing a client who has chronic venous insufficiency. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?
Dependent rubor
Thick, deformed toenails
Hair loss
Edema
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A: Dependent rubor
Dependent rubor is a reddish discoloration of the skin that occurs when the leg is in a dependent position (hanging down). This condition is typically associated with arterial insufficiency rather than chronic venous insufficiency. Arterial insufficiency occurs when there is inadequate blood flow through the arteries, leading to symptoms such as pain, cramping, and changes in skin color. Dependent rubor is a sign of poor arterial circulation and is not commonly seen in venous insufficiency.
Choice B: Thick, deformed toenails
Thick, deformed toenails can be a sign of fungal infections or other conditions affecting the nails, but they are not specifically indicative of chronic venous insufficiency. While individuals with chronic venous insufficiency may have poor circulation that can contribute to nail problems, this symptom is not a primary or common finding associated with the condition. Instead, it is more often related to other underlying health issues.
Choice C: Hair loss
Hair loss on the legs can occur due to various reasons, including poor circulation. However, it is more commonly associated with arterial insufficiency rather than chronic venous insufficiency. In arterial insufficiency, the reduced blood flow can lead to hair loss, shiny skin, and other changes in the lower extremities. Chronic venous insufficiency primarily affects the veins and leads to symptoms such as swelling, varicose veins, and skin changes.
Choice D: Edema
Edema, or swelling, is a hallmark symptom of chronic venous insufficiency. This condition occurs when the veins in the legs are unable to effectively return blood to the heart, leading to blood pooling in the lower extremities. The increased pressure in the veins causes fluid to leak into the surrounding tissues, resulting in swelling. Edema is often more pronounced at the end of the day or after prolonged periods of standing or sitting. Managing edema is a key aspect of treating chronic venous insufficiency, and it often involves the use of compression stockings, elevation of the legs, and other measures to improve venous return.
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View Related questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Blurred vision:
While blurred vision can occur in some cases of meningitis, it is not one of the most common or definitive symptoms. Meningitis primarily affects the meninges, leading to symptoms like headache, fever, and neck stiffness. Blurred vision might be a secondary symptom due to increased intracranial pressure, but it is not as typical as other symptoms.
Choice B reason: Severe headache:
A severe headache is a hallmark symptom of meningitis. This headache is often described as intense and different from typical headaches. It is caused by the inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. The headache is usually accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, neck stiffness, and sensitivity to light.
Choice C reason: Oriented to person, place, and year:
Being oriented to person, place, and year indicates normal cognitive function. However, meningitis can cause confusion, altered mental status, and even loss of consciousness in severe cases. Therefore, this finding would not be expected in a client with meningitis.
Choice D reason: Bradycardia:
Bradycardia, or a slow heart rate, is not typically associated with meningitis. Meningitis symptoms are more related to the central nervous system and include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Bradycardia might occur in other conditions but is not a common finding in meningitis.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Reduced chest width:
Aging does not typically result in a reduced chest width. Instead, changes in posture and the curvature of the spine can make the chest appear less prominent. The primary musculoskeletal changes with aging involve bone density, muscle mass, and joint flexibility.
Choice B reason: Increased force of isometric contraction:
This is incorrect. Aging is associated with a decrease in muscle strength and mass, not an increase. The force of muscle contractions generally diminishes with age due to the loss of muscle fibers and changes in muscle composition.
Choice C reason: Decreased muscle mass:
This is correct. One of the most significant age-related musculoskeletal changes is sarcopenia, which is the loss of muscle mass and strength. This process begins around the age of 30 and accelerates with age, leading to decreased physical strength and increased risk of falls and fractures.
Choice D reason: Thickened vertebral discs:
Aging typically leads to the thinning and dehydration of intervertebral discs, not thickening. This can result in a reduction in height and increased susceptibility to spinal issues such as herniated discs and spinal stenosis.
