A nurse is advising a 15-year-old boy on managing acne during puberty. Which of the following recommendations is most appropriate?
"Avoid all oily foods to prevent acne."
"Pop pimples to reduce their size."
"Use strong astringents to dry out your skin."
"Wash your face with a gentle cleanser twice a day."
The Correct Answer is D
A. Avoiding all oily foods is not necessary, as dietary factors have varying effects on acne; instead, moderation is key.
B. Popping pimples can lead to scarring, infection, and further inflammation, making this an inappropriate recommendation for acne management.
C. Using strong astringents can irritate the skin and worsen acne; gentle skin care is more effective for maintaining healthy skin.
D. Washing the face with a gentle cleanser twice a day helps to remove excess oil and dirt without irritating the skin, which is the most appropriate recommendation for managing acne during puberty.
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Correct Answer is ["C","D"]
Explanation
A. Object permanence is a cognitive ability typically developed during the sensorimotor stage (0-2 years), not during the concrete operational stage (7-11 years).
B. Egocentric thinking is characteristic of the preoperational stage (2-7 years) and decreases as children enter the concrete operational stage.
C. The ability to perform logical operations on concrete objects is a hallmark of the concrete operational stage, where children can think logically about physical objects and events.
D. Understanding the concept of conservation, which refers to recognizing that quantity does not change despite changes in shape or arrangement, is a key characteristic of the concrete operational stage.
E. Use of symbolic play is more characteristic of the preoperational stage, where children engage in imaginative play rather than concrete operations.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Distributive shock, particularly in the context of anaphylaxis, is characterized by widespread vasodilation that leads to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and impaired blood flow to organs despite normal or increased cardiac output.
B. This option is incorrect because distributive shock involves decreased systemic vascular resistance due to vasodilation rather than an increase.
C. This statement describes hypovolemic shock, not distributive shock. Distributive shock is not primarily caused by the loss of blood volume.
D. While loss of myocardial contractility can lead to cardiogenic shock, it is not the mechanism behind distributive shock, which is related to vascular tone rather than heart function.