A nurse in the pediatric clinic is discussing Piaget's theory of cognitive development with a newly licensed nurse. The nurse should review which of the following types of thinking that occur during adolescent development?
Egocentric thinking
Preoperational Thinking
Concrete thinking
Abstract thinking
The Correct Answer is D
A. Egocentric thinking is characteristic of younger children in the preoperational stage, not adolescents.
B. Preoperational thinking applies to preschool-aged children and involves intuitive rather than logical reasoning.
C. Concrete thinking is typical of school-aged children in the concrete operational stage, where they think logically about concrete objects but may struggle with abstract concepts.
D. Abstract thinking develops during adolescence, allowing individuals to think logically about hypothetical situations, reason about moral issues, and engage in critical thinking.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used for long-term management and prevention of asthma symptoms, not for acute relief.
B. Budesonide is an inhaled corticosteroid used for long-term control of asthma but does not provide immediate relief during an acute attack.
C. Albuterol is a short-acting beta-agonist (SABA) that provides rapid bronchodilation and is the first-line medication for relieving acute asthma symptoms.
D. Fluticasone is also an inhaled corticosteroid intended for long-term management, which does not address the immediate needs of an acute asthma attack.
Correct Answer is ["C","D","E"]
Explanation
A. Pertussis, or whooping cough, primarily affects the respiratory tract, particularly the trachea and bronchi, not just the nostrils.
B. Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, making this statement incorrect as the infection is bacterial, not viral.
C. The toxins released by Bordetella pertussis damage the cilia of epithelial cells in the respiratory tract, leading to difficulty in clearing secretions.
D. The inflammation of the lungs and airways is a characteristic response to the infection, contributing to the symptoms of coughing and difficulty breathing.
E. The production of thick, mucus secretions is a hallmark of pertussis, which makes it challenging for the child to expel them, leading to severe coughing fits.