A nurse develops a nursing diagnostic statement for a patient with a medical diagnosis of pneumonia with chest x-ray results of lower lobe infiltrates. Which nursing diagnosis did the nurse write?
Risk for infection related to chest x-ray procedure
Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes
Risk for deficient fluid volume related to dehydration
Ineffective breathing pattern related to pneumonia
The Correct Answer is B
A. "Risk for infection related to chest x-ray procedure" is not an appropriate diagnosis because a chest x-ray is a diagnostic tool, and pneumonia itself is the concern for infection.
B. "Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes" is correct as pneumonia causes inflammation and consolidation in the lungs, which directly impacts gas exchange.
C. "Risk for deficient fluid volume related to dehydration" does not apply specifically to pneumonia unless the patient presents signs of dehydration, which is not indicated in the scenario.
D. "Ineffective breathing pattern related to pneumonia" could also be a valid diagnosis, but the primary concern given the information provided is gas exchange impairment.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. A 3-mL syringe is not appropriate for administering U-500 insulin, as the concentration may not allow for accurate dosing at such a small volume.
B. A U-100 syringe is designed for U-100 insulin and would not provide accurate measurement for U-500 insulin.
C. A needleless syringe may be useful in certain contexts, but it does not specifically provide the necessary precision for insulin dosage.
D. A tuberculin syringe is suitable for administering small doses (like 0.3 mL) and provides more accurate measurement for high-concentration insulin such as U-500.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Ventricular filling time and diastolic filling time are not formulas used to calculate cardiac output; they pertain to the phases of the cardiac cycle.
B. Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat) by heart rate (the number of beats per minute). This formula accurately reflects the overall volume of blood the heart pumps in one minute.
C. Myocardial contractility and myocardial blood flow are important factors in cardiac function but do not directly provide a formula for calculating cardiac output.
D. Preload and afterload are factors that affect stroke volume but are not used to calculate cardiac output directly.