A nurse at an ophthalmology clinic is providing teaching to a client who has open-angle glaucoma and a new treatment regimen of timolol and pilocarpine eye drops. Which of the following instructions should the nurse provide?
Administer the medications 5 minutes apart.
Hold pressure on the conjunctival sac for 2 minutes following application of drops.
It is not necessary to remove contact lenses before administering medications.
Administer the medications by touching the tip of the dropper to the sclera of the eye.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A: Administer the Medications 5 Minutes Apart
Administering the medications 5 minutes apart is crucial when using multiple eye drops. This practice ensures that each medication has enough time to be absorbed without being washed out by the subsequent drop. This is particularly important for medications like timolol and pilocarpine, which are used to manage intraocular pressure in glaucoma.
Choice B: Hold Pressure on the Conjunctival Sac for 2 Minutes Following Application of Drops
Holding pressure on the conjunctival sac (punctal occlusion) for 2 minutes after applying eye drops can help reduce systemic absorption and increase the local effect of the medication. However, this instruction is not as critical as the timing between administering different eye drops.
Choice C: It Is Not Necessary to Remove Contact Lenses Before Administering Medications
This statement is incorrect. Contact lenses should be removed before administering eye drops to prevent contamination and ensure proper absorption of the medication. The lenses can be reinserted after a sufficient amount of time has passed, usually around 15 minutes.
Choice D: Administer the Medications by Touching the Tip of the Dropper to the Sclera of the Eye
This statement is incorrect. The tip of the dropper should never touch the eye or any other surface to avoid contamination. The correct method is to hold the dropper above the eye and squeeze out the prescribed number of drops into the conjunctival sac.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Blurred vision:
While blurred vision can occur in some cases of meningitis, it is not one of the most common or definitive symptoms. Meningitis primarily affects the meninges, leading to symptoms like headache, fever, and neck stiffness. Blurred vision might be a secondary symptom due to increased intracranial pressure, but it is not as typical as other symptoms.
Choice B reason: Severe headache:
A severe headache is a hallmark symptom of meningitis. This headache is often described as intense and different from typical headaches. It is caused by the inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. The headache is usually accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, neck stiffness, and sensitivity to light.
Choice C reason: Oriented to person, place, and year:
Being oriented to person, place, and year indicates normal cognitive function. However, meningitis can cause confusion, altered mental status, and even loss of consciousness in severe cases. Therefore, this finding would not be expected in a client with meningitis.
Choice D reason: Bradycardia:
Bradycardia, or a slow heart rate, is not typically associated with meningitis. Meningitis symptoms are more related to the central nervous system and include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Bradycardia might occur in other conditions but is not a common finding in meningitis.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Reduced chest width:
Aging does not typically result in a reduced chest width. Instead, changes in posture and the curvature of the spine can make the chest appear less prominent. The primary musculoskeletal changes with aging involve bone density, muscle mass, and joint flexibility.
Choice B reason: Increased force of isometric contraction:
This is incorrect. Aging is associated with a decrease in muscle strength and mass, not an increase. The force of muscle contractions generally diminishes with age due to the loss of muscle fibers and changes in muscle composition.
Choice C reason: Decreased muscle mass:
This is correct. One of the most significant age-related musculoskeletal changes is sarcopenia, which is the loss of muscle mass and strength. This process begins around the age of 30 and accelerates with age, leading to decreased physical strength and increased risk of falls and fractures.
Choice D reason: Thickened vertebral discs:
Aging typically leads to the thinning and dehydration of intervertebral discs, not thickening. This can result in a reduction in height and increased susceptibility to spinal issues such as herniated discs and spinal stenosis.
