A nurse and a newly licensed nurse are providing care for a client who has distributive shock. How should the nurse explain the pathophysiology of distributive shock to the newly licensed nurse?
"Distributive shock occurs due to increased systemic vascular resistance."
"Distributive shock occurs due to systemic vasodilation."
"Distributive shock occurs due to loss of myocardial contractility."
"Distributive shock occurs due to loss of blood volume."
The Correct Answer is B
A. Increased systemic vascular resistance is typically associated with hypovolemic or cardiogenic shock, not distributive shock.
B. Distributive shock is characterized by systemic vasodilation, which leads to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and results in inadequate tissue perfusion despite normal or increased cardiac output.
C. Loss of myocardial contractility is related to cardiogenic shock, not distributive shock.
D. Loss of blood volume is a characteristic of hypovolemic shock, whereas distributive shock occurs even when blood volume is normal due to vasodilation.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Blood pressure does not increase during anaphylaxis; instead, it typically decreases due to vasodilation and fluid leakage.
B. During anaphylaxis, blood vessels become more permeable, leading to the release of fluids into the tissues, which causes swelling and contributes to hypotension.
C. Blood vessels do not constrict during anaphylaxis; rather, they dilate as a part of the allergic response, resulting in decreased blood pressure.
D. While there is an immune response during anaphylaxis, white blood cells are not destroyed; rather, they are activated to respond to the allergen, leading to inflammation and other systemic effects.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Pneumocystis lung infection is an opportunistic infection that typically occurs in later stages of HIV/AIDS when the immune system is significantly weakened, not during the initial phase of infection.
B. Fungal and bacterial infections are also associated with advanced HIV/AIDS due to immunosuppression and not seen in the initial phase of infection.
C. Flu-like symptoms and night sweats are common initial symptoms of HIV infection, often occurring 2-4 weeks after exposure during the acute retroviral syndrome phase.
D. Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer associated with advanced HIV/AIDS and does not manifest during the initial symptoms of infection.