A nurse advises a client with osteoporosis to have three servings of milk or dairy products daily. Which of the following levels of prevention is being used by the nurse?
Secondary prevention
Primary prevention
Proactive prevention
Tertiary prevention
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason:
Secondary prevention involves early detection and treatment of disease to halt its progression. Examples include screening tests and early interventions. Advising a client with osteoporosis to consume dairy products is not aimed at early detection but rather at preventing the onset of complications by ensuring adequate calcium intake.
Choice B reason:
Primary prevention aims to prevent the onset of disease or injury before it occurs. This includes measures such as vaccinations, lifestyle modifications, and dietary recommendations. Advising a client with osteoporosis to consume three servings of milk or dairy products daily is a primary prevention strategy. It helps to maintain bone density and prevent fractures by ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D intake.
Choice C reason:
Proactive prevention is not a standard term used in public health or medical practice. The recognized levels of prevention are primary, secondary, and tertiary. Therefore, this option is not applicable in this context.
Choice D reason:
Tertiary prevention focuses on managing and mitigating the effects of an existing disease to prevent further complications and improve quality of life. This includes rehabilitation and ongoing treatment for chronic conditions. While advising a client with osteoporosis to consume dairy products can be part of managing the condition, it is primarily a preventive measure to avoid further bone loss and fractures, aligning more with primary prevention.
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Correct Answer is ["B","E"]
Explanation
Choice A reason:
“I may experience urinary incontinence.” This statement is correct. Urinary incontinence is a common symptom of MS due to the disease’s impact on the nervous system. The client does not need additional teaching regarding this statement.
Choice B reason:
“I should not exercise because this may trigger an exacerbation.” This statement indicates a need for additional teaching. Regular exercise is beneficial for individuals with MS and can help improve strength, mobility, and overall well-being. The nurse should educate the client on safe and appropriate exercise routines.
Choice C reason:
“I need to check the water temperature before I take a bath.” This statement is correct. Clients with MS may have impaired sensation and are at risk for burns if the water is too hot. Checking the water temperature is a necessary precaution.
Choice D reason:
“I may experience visual disturbances.” This statement is correct. Visual disturbances, such as blurred vision or double vision, are common symptoms of MS. The client does not need additional teaching regarding this statement.
Choice E reason:
“I should alternate the eye patch every other day to help with the double vision.” This statement indicates a need for additional teaching. While using an eye patch can help manage double vision, it should be alternated more frequently, typically every few hours, to prevent strain on the covered eye.
Correct Answer is ["B","C","E"]
Explanation
Choice A reason:
The central nervous system is not a common portal of entry for anthrax. Anthrax primarily enters the body through the skin, respiratory tract, or gastrointestinal tract. While it can affect the central nervous system if it spreads, it is not a primary entry point.
Choice B reason:
The integumentary system, or skin, is a common portal of entry for anthrax. Cutaneous anthrax occurs when Bacillus anthracis spores enter the body through a cut or abrasion on the skin. This form of anthrax is characterized by a localized infection that can develop into a painless ulcer with a black center.
Choice C reason:
The respiratory system is another primary portal of entry for anthrax. Inhalation anthrax occurs when spores are inhaled into the lungs. This form of anthrax is particularly dangerous and can lead to severe respiratory distress and systemic infection if not treated promptly.
Choice D reason:
The renal system is not a typical portal of entry for anthrax. While anthrax can affect multiple organ systems if it becomes systemic, it does not enter the body through the kidneys or urinary tract.
Choice E reason:
The gastrointestinal system is a potential portal of entry for anthrax. Gastrointestinal anthrax occurs when spores are ingested, typically through contaminated food or water. This form of anthrax can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms and systemic infection.