A nurse advises a client with osteoporosis to have three servings of milk or dairy products daily. Which of the following levels of prevention is being used by the nurse?
Secondary prevention
Primary prevention
Proactive prevention
Tertiary prevention
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason:
Secondary prevention involves early detection and treatment of disease to halt its progression. Examples include screening tests and early interventions. Advising a client with osteoporosis to consume dairy products is not aimed at early detection but rather at preventing the onset of complications by ensuring adequate calcium intake.
Choice B reason:
Primary prevention aims to prevent the onset of disease or injury before it occurs. This includes measures such as vaccinations, lifestyle modifications, and dietary recommendations. Advising a client with osteoporosis to consume three servings of milk or dairy products daily is a primary prevention strategy. It helps to maintain bone density and prevent fractures by ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D intake.
Choice C reason:
Proactive prevention is not a standard term used in public health or medical practice. The recognized levels of prevention are primary, secondary, and tertiary. Therefore, this option is not applicable in this context.
Choice D reason:
Tertiary prevention focuses on managing and mitigating the effects of an existing disease to prevent further complications and improve quality of life. This includes rehabilitation and ongoing treatment for chronic conditions. While advising a client with osteoporosis to consume dairy products can be part of managing the condition, it is primarily a preventive measure to avoid further bone loss and fractures, aligning more with primary prevention.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A: Red tag
A red tag is assigned to patients who require immediate medical attention and intervention to survive. These patients have life-threatening injuries but have a high chance of survival if treated promptly. In this scenario, the client has a respiratory rate of 38, a weak and rapid pulse, and uncontrolled bleeding. These symptoms indicate severe physiological distress and potential shock, necessitating immediate intervention to prevent death. According to NATO triage guidelines, such critical conditions warrant a red tag to prioritize urgent care1.
Choice B: Black tag
A black tag is used for patients who are deceased or have injuries so severe that survival is unlikely even with immediate medical intervention. This category is also known as “expectant” and is used to allocate resources to those with a higher chance of survival. The client in this scenario, despite having severe symptoms, is not described as being beyond the possibility of survival, thus a black tag would not be appropriate1.
Choice C: Green tag
A green tag is assigned to patients with minor injuries who can wait for medical treatment without immediate risk to life. These patients are often referred to as “walking wounded.” The client’s symptoms of a high respiratory rate, weak and rapid pulse, and uncontrolled bleeding are far too severe to be classified under this category. Assigning a green tag would delay critical care, potentially leading to fatal outcomes1.
Choice D: Yellow tag
A yellow tag is for patients who have serious injuries but whose treatment can be delayed without immediate risk to life. These patients need medical attention but are stable enough to wait for a short period. Given the client’s symptoms, particularly the uncontrolled bleeding and signs of shock, delaying treatment could result in rapid deterioration. Therefore, a yellow tag would not be suitable in this case1.
Correct Answer is ["B","C","D","E"]
Explanation
Choice A reason:
While epidemiology provides valuable data that can inform public health policies and legislation, it does not directly interpret legislation. The role of epidemiology is to gather and analyze data on health outcomes, which can then be used by policymakers to create informed legislation. Therefore, this statement does not accurately reflect the primary functions of epidemiology.
Choice B reason:
Epidemiology evaluates the effectiveness of nursing interventions by analyzing data on health outcomes before and after the implementation of specific interventions. This helps determine whether the interventions are successful in improving health and reducing disease incidence. Community health nurses rely on this data to make evidence-based decisions and improve their practice.
Choice C reason:
Epidemiology analyzes and examines the root causes of health outcomes by studying patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. This analysis helps identify risk factors and underlying causes of diseases, which is essential for developing effective prevention and intervention strategies.
Choice D reason:
Epidemiology defines the burden of disease and determinants of health by quantifying the incidence, prevalence, and impact of diseases within a population. This information is crucial for public health planning and resource allocation, as it highlights the most pressing health issues and their contributing factors.
Choice E reason:
Epidemiology relates to the health status of a population by providing comprehensive data on health trends, disease outbreaks, and overall health outcomes. This information helps community health nurses understand the health needs of their populations and tailor their interventions accordingly.