A 40-year old patient presents with symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis (TB). What is the confirmatory test for TB?
Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAS)
Sputum culture
Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
Chest X-ray
The Correct Answer is B
A. Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs): IGRAs are useful for detecting TB infection but do not confirm active TB disease. They measure the immune response to TB bacteria but don’t differentiate between latent and active infection.
B. Sputum culture: Sputum culture is the gold standard for confirming active TB because it identifies Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria directly, confirming active infection.
C. Tuberculin Skin Test (TST): The TST can indicate TB infection but cannot distinguish between latent and active TB, making it unsuitable as a confirmatory test for active disease.
D. Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray can show signs suggestive of TB but cannot confirm the presence of TB bacteria, so it is not definitive for diagnosing active TB.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Deep vein thrombosis. Deep vein thrombosis typically causes constant pain, swelling, and redness and does not improve with rest.
B. Restless leg syndrome. Restless leg syndrome is characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs, usually at rest, and is not associated with walking.
C. Intermittent claudication. Intermittent claudication is a common symptom of PAD where muscle pain or cramping occurs during activity and is relieved with rest due to insufficient blood flow.
D. Varicose veins. Varicose veins generally cause aching and swelling rather than pain triggered specifically by walking.
Correct Answer is ["B","C","D"]
Explanation
A. Obese extremities. Clients with Cushing's syndrome typically experience central (truncal) obesity with thin extremities due to fat redistribution and muscle wasting, not obese extremities.
B. Buffalo hump: A "buffalo hump" (fat pad on the back of the neck) is a common characteristic of Cushing's syndrome due to abnormal fat distribution.
C. Purple striations. Purple or reddish striae on the abdomen and other areas are commonly seen in Cushing's syndrome due to skin thinning and collagen breakdown.
D. Moon face. A round, full face (moon face) is a classic sign of Cushing's syndrome due to fat deposits in the face.
E. Tremors. Tremors are not typically associated with Cushing's syndrome and are more often associated with neurological or metabolic conditions.