A 40-year old patient presents with symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis (TB). What is the confirmatory test for TB?
Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAS)
Sputum culture
Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
Chest X-ray
The Correct Answer is B
A. Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs): IGRAs are useful for detecting TB infection but do not confirm active TB disease. They measure the immune response to TB bacteria but don’t differentiate between latent and active infection.
B. Sputum culture: Sputum culture is the gold standard for confirming active TB because it identifies Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria directly, confirming active infection.
C. Tuberculin Skin Test (TST): The TST can indicate TB infection but cannot distinguish between latent and active TB, making it unsuitable as a confirmatory test for active disease.
D. Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray can show signs suggestive of TB but cannot confirm the presence of TB bacteria, so it is not definitive for diagnosing active TB.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. The gallbladder became infected by a virus and needs to be removed. Gallstones are not caused by viral infections; they typically develop from an imbalance in the substances that make up bile, such as cholesterol and bilirubin.
B. The gallbladder has become inflamed due to the cholesterol in the gallstones. Cholesterol is a common component of gallstones, and these stones can cause inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), leading to the need for removal.
C. The gallbladder has become blocked by a tumor and is no longer working. Tumors can obstruct the gallbladder, but this is not the cause of gallstones or the primary reason for a cholecystectomy.
D. The gallbladder has become inflamed due to a build-up of gallstones that are blocking the common bile duct. This describes choledocholithiasis, a condition where gallstones block the common bile duct, but it is not the primary cause of gallbladder inflammation requiring a cholecystectomy.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Frequent urination: Frequent urination is not associated with osteomyelitis, a bone infection.
B. Increased range of motion: Osteomyelitis typically causes pain and restricted movement, not increased range of motion.
C. Localized bone pain and tenderness: Osteomyelitis commonly presents with localized bone pain, tenderness, and possibly swelling due to infection.
D. Hyperpigmentation of the skin: Hyperpigmentation is not a typical sign of osteomyelitis.