Which of the following scenarios gives the most absolute confirmation client learning has taken place? Select all that apply.
A client demonstrates how to inject insulin into the abdomen
A client attends a course on exercise techniques
A client watches the nurse apply a dressing
A client lists food choices that are considered part of a healthy diet
A client nods when told how to take the blood pressure medication
Correct Answer : A,D
A. Demonstrating an insulin injection shows hands-on learning and mastery of the skill.
B. Attending a course does not confirm comprehension or skill.
C. Watching a nurse apply a dressing does not guarantee learning; active participation is necessary.
D. Listing healthy food choices indicates understanding of dietary education.
E. Nodding does not confirm learning; it may only indicate acknowledgment.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. A barrel chest is a common finding in patients with emphysema due to lung hyperinflation but is not immediately life-threatening.
B. A respiratory rate of 22 per minute indicates mild tachypnea, which can be expected in patients with COPD, but is not the most alarming sign.
C. Oral cyanosis is a concerning sign that indicates inadequate oxygenation and can suggest severe respiratory distress or failure, necessitating immediate intervention.
D. Decreased lung sounds on expiration can occur in emphysema but is not as critical as the presence of cyanosis.
E. Pursed-lip expiration is a compensatory mechanism used by patients with COPD to improve breathing efficiency; it is generally a positive adaptive strategy.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. S1 and S2 heard with the diaphragm of the stethoscope is a normal finding, as these are the expected heart sounds.
B. A blowing sound heard over the mitral area with the bell of the stethoscope suggests a possible murmur, which could indicate valvular abnormalities and is considered abnormal.
C. Apical pulse palpated at the 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line is normal and expected in adults.
D. Absence of sound over carotid arteries with the bell of the stethoscope indicates no bruits and is considered normal.