Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?
Increased urine acidity
Increased urine volume
Increased urine salinity
Decreased urine volume
The Correct Answer is D
A. Increased urine acidity: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily affects water reabsorption in the kidneys, not urine acidity. It does not have a direct effect on the acidity of the urine.
B. Increased urine volume: ADH works to conserve water by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, which decreases urine volume.
C. Increased urine salinity: While ADH does increase water reabsorption, which could concentrate the urine, its direct action is on water retention, not specifically on increasing urine salinity.
D. Decreased urine volume: ADH promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to decreased urine output. This is the direct and correct result of ADH action.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Destroy ingested pathogens: HCl in the stomach helps destroy ingested pathogens, providing a first line of defense against infections. Therefore, this is a correct function of HCl.
B. Convert Fe3+ to Fe2+: HCl aids in the conversion of iron from its ferric (Fe3+) to ferrous (Fe2+) form, which is more easily absorbed in the intestine. Therefore, this is a correct function of HCl.
C. Emulsify lipids: Emulsification of lipids is the function of bile, not hydrochloric acid. HCl does not emulsify lipids. This is the correct answer.
D. Activate pepsinogen to pepsin: HCl activates pepsinogen, converting it to the active enzyme pepsin, which is essential for protein digestion in the stomach. Therefore, this is a correct function of HCl.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Lactateis produced during anaerobic metabolism (when oxygen is scarce) as a byproduct of glycolysis, but it is not the direct product of glycolysis itself.
B. Carbon dioxideis a byproduct of cellular respiration, specifically during the Krebs cycle, not glycolysis.
C. Pyruvateis the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
D. Acetyl-CoAis formed from pyruvate during the transition step before the Krebs cycle, not directly from glycolysis.