Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?
Increased urine acidity
Increased urine volume
Increased urine salinity
Decreased urine volume
The Correct Answer is D
A. Increased urine acidity: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily affects water reabsorption in the kidneys, not urine acidity. It does not have a direct effect on the acidity of the urine.
B. Increased urine volume: ADH works to conserve water by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, which decreases urine volume.
C. Increased urine salinity: While ADH does increase water reabsorption, which could concentrate the urine, its direct action is on water retention, not specifically on increasing urine salinity.
D. Decreased urine volume: ADH promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to decreased urine output. This is the direct and correct result of ADH action.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Fundus is the upper part of the stomach, which does not regulate the flow of contents to the duodenum.
B. Gastric rugae are folds in the stomach lining that allow for expansion but do not regulate the flow of contents to the duodenum.
C. Pyloric sphincter controls the flow of partially digested food (chyme) from the stomach into the duodenum.
D. Antrum is the lower portion of the stomach that helps in mixing and grinding food but does not directly regulate its flow to the duodenum.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein: The major chemical buffer systems in the body are the bicarbonate buffer system, the phosphate buffer system, and the protein buffer system. These buffers help maintain pH balance in the blood and other fluids.
B. The urinary and digestive: The urinary and digestive systems are involved in excretion and digestion, not buffering.
C. The bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein: Nucleic acids are not major buffering systems in the body; the bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein systems are the primary ones.
D. The urinary and respiratory systems play roles in regulating acid-base balance through excretion and gas exchange but are not chemical buffer systems themselves.