Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?
Increased urine acidity
Increased urine volume
Increased urine salinity
Decreased urine volume
The Correct Answer is D
A. Increased urine acidity: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily affects water reabsorption in the kidneys, not urine acidity. It does not have a direct effect on the acidity of the urine.
B. Increased urine volume: ADH works to conserve water by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, which decreases urine volume.
C. Increased urine salinity: While ADH does increase water reabsorption, which could concentrate the urine, its direct action is on water retention, not specifically on increasing urine salinity.
D. Decreased urine volume: ADH promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to decreased urine output. This is the direct and correct result of ADH action.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Esophageal glands secrete mucus to lubricate the esophagus, but they do not cause acid reflux.
B. Pharyngeal constrictors are muscles that help in the swallowing process, not in preventing acid reflux.
C. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a ring of muscle that controls the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach. If the LES is weakened or relaxes inappropriately, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing acid reflux or "heartburn."
D. The upper esophageal sphincter controls the passage of food from the pharynx into the esophagus, but it is not involved in preventing acid reflux.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Pyelitis is an infection of the renal pelvis and does not cause sweet-smelling urine.
B. Diabetes mellitus often causes glycosuria (glucose in urine), which can make urine taste sweet.
C. Renal calculus (kidney stones) does not affect urine sweetness.
D. Acute glomerulonephritis affects kidney function and urine appearance but does not specifically cause sweet-smelling urine.