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The nurse is assessing a patient with suspected bacterial meningitis and notes a positive Kernig sign. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

A.

Pain in the neck when the patient flexes their head towards the chest

B.

Involuntary flexion of the hips and knees when the neck is flexed

C.

Photophobia and headache triggered by bright light

D.

Pain and resistance when attempting to extend the patient's leg from a flexed position

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Pain in the neck when the patient flexes their head towards the chest. This describes nuchal rigidity, not Kernig sign.

 

B. Involuntary flexion of the hips and knees when the neck is flexed. This describes Brudzinski sign, not Kernig sign.

 

C. Photophobia and headache triggered by bright light. These are symptoms of meningitis, but they are not specific to Kernig sign.

 

D. Pain and resistance when attempting to extend the patient's leg from a flexed position. A positive Kernig sign is when there is pain and resistance to leg extension from a flexed hip and knee position, indicating meningeal irritation.


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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Include high-fat foods to maintain weight. High-fat foods can worsen symptoms in ulcerative colitis by increasing bowel irritation and causing malabsorption. A balanced diet that is low in fat is usually recommended.

B. Eat three large meals a day to ensure adequate nutrition. Large meals can increase digestive workload and exacerbate symptoms. Smaller, more frequent meals are generally better tolerated.

C. Increase intake of dairy products to boost calcium levels. Many patients with ulcerative colitis are lactose intolerant or sensitive to dairy, which can worsen symptoms. Calcium can be obtained from other sources if needed.

D. Consume a low-fiber diet to minimize bowel irritation. A low-fiber diet can reduce mechanical irritation in the bowel, which is beneficial during flare-ups of ulcerative colitis.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). PAD is a chronic condition related to reduced blood flow in peripheral arteries. It is not directly associated with MI complications.

B. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). GERD involves acid reflux and is not related to post-MI complications.

C. Hypertension. While hypertension is a risk factor for MI, it does not directly explain the symptoms of shortness of breath and irregular heartbeats following an MI.

D. Heart Failure. Heart failure is a common post-MI complication, especially if a significant portion of heart muscle is damaged. Symptoms of shortness of breath and irregular heartbeats could indicate left-sided heart failure, where fluid backs up into the lungs, or right-sided failure, which can lead to systemic congestion.

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