In the conduction system of the heart, which of the following components is stimulated after the sinoatrial node?
Left bundle branch
Purkinje fibers
Right bundle branch
Atrioventricular node
The Correct Answer is D
A. Left bundle branch: The left bundle branch is stimulated after the atrioventricular node and bundle of His, not immediately after the sinoatrial node.
B. Purkinje fibers: The Purkinje fibers are stimulated later in the conduction pathway, after the bundle branches.
C. Right bundle branch: The right bundle branch is also stimulated after the atrioventricular node and bundle of His.
D. Atrioventricular node: After the sinoatrial node initiates the heartbeat, the electrical impulse travels to the atrioventricular node, which then passes the signal to the bundle of His and down to the bundle branches.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Capillary blood: Capillary blood can be used in some cases, especially in infants, but it is less accurate than arterial blood for measuring blood pH and gases.
B. Arterial blood: Arterial blood is the correct sample for measuring blood pH and gases (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide levels) because it reflects the gas exchange occurring in the lungs.
C. Venous blood: Venous blood is not typically used for measuring blood gases as it does not accurately reflect the oxygenation status of the body.
D. Cerebrospinal fluid: Cerebrospinal fluid is not used for measuring blood pH and gases; it is typically analyzed for conditions affecting the brain and spinal cord.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Alcohol: Alcohol can be used for cleaning but may not be sufficient for all minor surgical preparations. It is not considered an antiseptic in the context of preoperative skin cleaning.
B. Normal saline: Normal saline is used for irrigation and wound cleaning but does not have antiseptic properties.
C. Disinfectant: Disinfectants are used to clean surfaces and equipment but are not typically used directly on the skin for surgical preparation.
D. Antiseptic: Antiseptics, such as iodine-based solutions or chlorhexidine, are used to clean the skin and reduce the risk of infection before a minor surgical procedure.