A patient with pregestational diabetes mellitus delivers a neonate who is diagnosed with macrosomia. The nurse is aware that the neonate is at risk for additional long-term conditions related to maternal diabetes mellitus.
Which long-term effects may occur? Select all that apply.
Impaired intellectual development.
Development of metabolic syndrome.
Shoulder injury related to birth size.
Changes in genetic expression.
Increased risk for chronic illnesses.
Correct Answer : A,B,D,E
Choice A rationale
Impaired intellectual development in children born to mothers with diabetes can occur due to fluctuating blood glucose levels, which can affect brain development.
Choice B rationale
Development of metabolic syndrome is more likely in children born to mothers with diabetes due to genetic predispositions and prenatal exposure to hyperglycemia.
Choice C rationale
Shoulder injury related to birth size, although a possible immediate complication, is not typically considered a long-term effect of maternal diabetes.
Choice D rationale
Changes in genetic expression can occur due to epigenetic modifications from exposure to maternal diabetes, potentially leading to various health issues later in life.
Choice E rationale
Increased risk for chronic illnesses, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, is higher in children born to mothers with diabetes, due to genetic and environmental factors.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
PTB is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and for antenatal hospitalization. This is accurate because preterm birth (PTB) is a significant cause of infant mortality and often
requires extended hospital stays for the management of complications.
Choice B rationale
PTBs result in increased numbers of neonatal and infant deaths and long-term neurological impairment. This is accurate because preterm births are associated with higher rates of
mortality and long-term health issues in infants.
Choice C rationale
PTL is defined as regular uterine contractions resulting in cervical changes before 37 weeks gestation. This is accurate because preterm labor (PTL) is indeed characterized by these
symptoms occurring before full-term pregnancy.
Choice D rationale
Average costs for premature/low birthweight infants are more than 10 times as high than for other newborns. This is accurate because medical care for premature and low
birthweight infants is significantly more expensive due to the need for specialized care and extended hospital stays.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Induction timing is secondary to assessing readiness. The Bishop score determines cervical favorability for induction success.
Choice B rationale
The Bishop score assesses cervical readiness for labor induction, which is vital in planning an effective induction.
Choice C rationale
Refusal to induce without considering clinical data is inappropriate. The Bishop score evaluation determines readiness.
Choice D rationale
Prostaglandin preparation follows Bishop score assessment to ensure induction safety and efficacy.