A nurse preparing to start a blood transfusion will use which type of tubing?
An air vent to let bubbles into the blood
One with a filter to ensure that clots do not enter the patient
An injection port to mix additional electrolytes into the blood
Two-way valves to allow the patient's blood to mix and warm the blood transfusing
The Correct Answer is B
A. An air vent allowing bubbles into the blood would be unsafe and can cause air embolism, so this option is incorrect.
B. Using tubing with a filter is standard practice for blood transfusions to prevent clots and debris from entering the patient’s bloodstream, making this the correct choice.
C. Mixing additional electrolytes into the blood is not a standard practice during transfusions, as it can cause complications; thus, this option is not appropriate.
D. Two-way valves are not typically used in blood transfusion setups; the goal is to keep the blood product separate from other fluids unless specifically indicated.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Ventricular filling time and diastolic filling time are not formulas used to calculate cardiac output; they pertain to the phases of the cardiac cycle.
B. Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat) by heart rate (the number of beats per minute). This formula accurately reflects the overall volume of blood the heart pumps in one minute.
C. Myocardial contractility and myocardial blood flow are important factors in cardiac function but do not directly provide a formula for calculating cardiac output.
D. Preload and afterload are factors that affect stroke volume but are not used to calculate cardiac output directly.
Correct Answer is ["A","C","D","E"]
Explanation
A. Prolonged stress can weaken the immune system, making patients more susceptible to infections.
B. Prolonged stress typically leads to increased blood pressure due to the body's stress response, rather than low blood pressure.
C. Chronic stress can contribute to the development of diabetes by affecting glucose metabolism and increasing insulin resistance.
D. Allostasis refers to the process of achieving stability through change; prolonged stress can disrupt allostatic balance and lead to health issues.
E. Prolonged stress has been linked to an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer due to its effects on immune function and hormonal balance.