A nurse preparing to start a blood transfusion will use which type of tubing?
An air vent to let bubbles into the blood
One with a filter to ensure that clots do not enter the patient
An injection port to mix additional electrolytes into the blood
Two-way valves to allow the patient's blood to mix and warm the blood transfusing
The Correct Answer is B
A. An air vent allowing bubbles into the blood would be unsafe and can cause air embolism, so this option is incorrect.
B. Using tubing with a filter is standard practice for blood transfusions to prevent clots and debris from entering the patient’s bloodstream, making this the correct choice.
C. Mixing additional electrolytes into the blood is not a standard practice during transfusions, as it can cause complications; thus, this option is not appropriate.
D. Two-way valves are not typically used in blood transfusion setups; the goal is to keep the blood product separate from other fluids unless specifically indicated.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Discontinuing pain medication may not be appropriate, as it can lead to inadequate pain management for the patient. Pain management is crucial for terminally ill patients.
B. While abdominal massage may help relieve mild constipation, it is not a reliable primary intervention for more severe constipation caused by medication.
C. Laxatives are commonly prescribed for constipation related to pain medication and are an effective method to promote bowel movements, making this the best choice.
D. Administering enemas twice daily can be excessive and may cause discomfort or lead to dependency, making this option less favorable than using laxatives.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Ventricular filling time and diastolic filling time are not formulas used to calculate cardiac output; they pertain to the phases of the cardiac cycle.
B. Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat) by heart rate (the number of beats per minute). This formula accurately reflects the overall volume of blood the heart pumps in one minute.
C. Myocardial contractility and myocardial blood flow are important factors in cardiac function but do not directly provide a formula for calculating cardiac output.
D. Preload and afterload are factors that affect stroke volume but are not used to calculate cardiac output directly.