A nurse is reinforcing with a group of caregivers about the risk factors for seizures. Which of the following factors should the nurse include in her teaching? (Select 3 that apply)
Febrile episode
Low Blood lead levels
Sodium imbalance
Presence of diphtheria
Hypoglycemia
Correct Answer : A,C,E
A. Febrile episode: Fever is a common trigger for febrile seizures in children, especially between 6 months and 5 years.
B. Low blood lead levels: Elevated, not low, blood lead levels can increase the risk of seizures due to neurotoxicity.
C. Sodium imbalance: Both hyponatremia and hypernatremia can cause seizures by disrupting neuronal function.
D. Presence of diphtheria: Diphtheria does not directly increase the risk of seizures. Neurological complications are rare and secondary.
E. Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar levels deprive the brain of energy, which can lead to seizures.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. CBC: A CBC can indicate infection (elevated white blood cell count), but it is not specific for meningitis.
B. Urinalysis: Urinalysis is not relevant for diagnosing meningitis.
C. CT scan: A CT scan can detect complications like increased intracranial pressure but does not diagnose meningitis directly.
D. Lumbar puncture: A lumbar puncture allows direct analysis of CSF for glucose, protein, white blood cells, and organisms, which is definitive for diagnosing meningitis.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Detachment is the stage exhibited only in the hospital: Detachment can occur in other settings beyond the hospital. It is the final stage of separation anxiety and may manifest as a child appearing uninterested in caregivers, a coping mechanism to deal with prolonged separation.
B. Physical aggression such as kicking is an example of separation anxiety: Physical aggression, such as kicking or hitting, is a common behavior during separation anxiety, especially in younger children who cannot verbalize their emotions effectively.
C. It results in prolonged issues of adaptability: While separation anxiety may temporarily affect adaptability, most children overcome it as they grow. It does not inherently result in prolonged issues unless associated with other psychological conditions.
D. It is often observed in the school-aged child: Separation anxiety is most commonly observed in infants and toddlers (6 months to 3 years). By school age, children have typically developed coping mechanisms, though they may experience situational anxiety.