A nurse is caring for a client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The nurse notes white lesions on the client's tongue. What opportunistic infection is this client experiencing?
Candidiasis
Xerostomia
Halitosis
Gingivitis
The Correct Answer is A
A. Candidiasis, commonly known as thrush, is characterized by white lesions on the tongue and is a common opportunistic infection in clients with AIDS due to their compromised immune system.
B. Xerostomia refers to dry mouth and does not cause white lesions; it can occur in various conditions but is not an opportunistic infection.
C. Halitosis is bad breath and does not correlate with white lesions on the tongue; it can result from various causes but is not an infection.
D. Gingivitis involves inflammation of the gums and may present with red, swollen gums but does not typically cause white lesions on the tongue.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Sharp pain in the lower back is a classic symptom of an acute hemolytic reaction, which can occur due to incompatible blood transfusions.
B. Coughing more could indicate a transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) but is not a typical sign of an acute hemolytic reaction.
C. Ringing in the ears can occur with other conditions but is not a common sign of an acute hemolytic reaction.
D. Feeling needles poking in the feet is vague and not specifically associated with acute hemolytic reactions, which are characterized by more severe systemic symptoms.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. A quantitative RNA assay is used to measure the amount of HIV RNA in the blood and is not used for confirmatory diagnosis after a positive ELISA.
B. The Western blot analysis is the standard confirmatory test for HIV following a positive ELISA result, as it specifically detects the presence of antibodies to HIV proteins.
C. A viral load test assesses the level of virus in the blood but does not confirm the diagnosis of HIV.
D. The CD4+ T-cell count is used to assess immune function in individuals with HIV but is not a confirmatory test for the diagnosis of the virus.