A nurse is caring for a client who was recently diagnosed with a terminal illness. The client tells the nurse, “I am looking forward to seeing my grandchildren grow up.” The nurse should identify that the client is experiencing which of the following stages of grief?
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Acceptance
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A Reason:
Denial is the first stage of grief, where individuals refuse to accept the reality of their situation. In this case, the client is looking forward to a future event (seeing their grandchildren grow up) despite being diagnosed with a terminal illness. This indicates that the client is not acknowledging the severity of their condition and is instead holding onto a hopeful but unrealistic outcome. Denial serves as a defense mechanism to protect the individual from the immediate shock and pain of their diagnosis.
Choice B Reason:
Anger is the second stage of grief, characterized by feelings of frustration and helplessness. Individuals in this stage may direct their anger towards themselves, others, or the situation. The client’s statement does not reflect anger or frustration but rather an unrealistic hope for the future, which aligns more with denial than anger.
Choice C Reason:
Bargaining is the third stage of grief, where individuals attempt to negotiate or make deals to alter their situation. This stage often involves “if only” or “what if” statements as the person tries to regain control. The client’s statement does not indicate any form of negotiation or deal-making but rather a refusal to accept the reality of their terminal illness.
Choice D Reason:
Acceptance is the final stage of grief, where individuals come to terms with their situation and begin to plan for the future realistically5. In this stage, there is an acknowledgment of the loss and a gradual adjustment to the new reality. The client’s statement about looking forward to seeing their grandchildren grow up does not reflect acceptance but rather a denial of the terminal nature of their illness.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Urinary frequency is not typically associated with allergic reactions. It is more commonly related to urinary tract infections, diabetes, or other conditions affecting the urinary system. Therefore, it is not an indication of a mild allergic reaction.
Choice B Reason:
Tinnitus, or ringing in the ears, is not a common symptom of an allergic reaction. It is usually associated with conditions affecting the auditory system, such as exposure to loud noises, ear infections, or certain medications. Thus, it does not indicate a mild allergic reaction.
Choice C Reason:
Urticaria, also known as hives, is a common symptom of a mild allergic reaction. It presents as red, itchy welts on the skin that can vary in size and shape. Urticaria occurs when the body’s immune system reacts to an allergen, releasing histamines that cause the characteristic rash.
Choice D Reason:
A sore throat can be a symptom of various conditions, including infections like the common cold or strep throat. While it can occur in some allergic reactions, it is not a primary indicator of a mild allergic reaction. More common symptoms of mild allergic reactions include hives, itching, and nasal congestion.
Correct Answer is ["B","C","D"]
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
The requirement that the client speaks the same language as the nurse is not a standard criterion for informed consent. While effective communication is crucial, the presence of an interpreter can facilitate understanding if there is a language barrier. The nurse’s signature does not confirm the language spoken by the client.
Choice B Reason:
The nurse’s signature on the informed consent form confirms that the client signed the document in the nurse’s presence. This is a standard practice to ensure that the consent was given voluntarily and that the client was present at the time of signing. It helps in verifying the authenticity of the consent.
Choice C Reason:
The nurse’s signature also confirms that the client was not coerced into signing the consent form. Informed consent must be given voluntarily, without any form of pressure or coercion. This ensures that the client’s decision is made freely and with full understanding of the procedure or treatment.
Choice D Reason:
The nurse’s signature confirms that the client has the legal authority to give consent. This means that the client is of legal age and has the mental capacity to understand the information provided and make an informed decision. It is essential to ensure that the client is legally competent to consent to the treatment or procedure.
Choice E Reason:
The requirement that the client does not have a mental health condition is not a standard criterion for informed consent. Clients with mental health conditions can still provide informed consent if they have the capacity to understand the information and make a decision. The nurse’s signature does not confirm the mental health status of the client.