A nurse is caring for a client who has hypertension and nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nurse should expect to administer which of the following medications to slow the progression of the nephropathy?
Sitagliptin.
Glipizide.
Metoprolol.
Losartan.
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A rationale
Sitagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor used to manage blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes but does not specifically slow the progression of nephropathy.
Choice B rationale
Glipizide is a sulfonylurea that helps control blood sugar levels but does not have a direct effect on slowing nephropathy progression.
Choice C rationale
Metoprolol is a beta-blocker used to manage hypertension but does not specifically target nephropathy progression.
Choice D rationale
Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) that helps manage hypertension and has been shown to slow the progression of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","E"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Prednisone, a corticosteroid, can cause hypokalemia by increasing renal potassium excretion.
Choice B rationale
Torsemide, a loop diuretic, can lead to hypokalemia by promoting potassium loss through urine.
Choice C rationale
Polystyrene sulfonate is used to treat hyperkalemia, but it can cause hypokalemia as it removes potassium from the body.
Choice D rationale
A client taking spironolactone does not require monitoring for hypokalemia because spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic. It helps the body retain potassium, so it is more likely to cause hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) than hypokalemia.
Choice E rationale
Hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, can cause hypokalemia by increasing potassium excretion in the urine.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Incorrect packaging, such as a topical medication packaged as an oral medication, can lead to medication errors. However, it is not the most frequent cause of fatal medication errors. Packaging errors are relatively rare and usually caught before administration.
Choice B rationale
Delivery device problems, such as an infusion pump malfunction, can cause medication errors. These errors can be serious but are not the most frequent cause of fatal medication errors. Device malfunctions are often detected and corrected by healthcare professionals.
Choice C rationale
Name confusion between two medications with similar sounding names is the most frequent cause of fatal medication errors. This type of error occurs when medications with similar names are confused, leading to the administration of the wrong drug. This can have serious and sometimes fatal consequences.
Choice D rationale
Incorrect labeling of a medication dispensed by the pharmacy can lead to medication errors. While labeling errors are a significant concern, they are not the most frequent cause of fatal medication errors. These errors are often identified and corrected before administration.