A nurse is assessing a newborn who has a coarctation of the aorta. Which of the following should the nurse recognize is a clinical manifestation of coarctation of the aorta?
Decreased blood pressure in the arms with increased blood pressure in the legs
Increased blood pressure in the arms with decreased blood pressure in the legs
Decreased blood pressure in both the arms and the legs
Increased blood pressure in both the arms and the legs
The Correct Answer is B
A. This option is incorrect as it does not describe the expected blood pressure difference in coarctation of the aorta.
B. Coarctation of the aorta typically presents with higher blood pressure in the upper body (arms) and lower blood pressure in the lower body (legs) due to the obstruction of blood flow distal to the aortic arch.
C. This option is incorrect because while coarctation can lead to decreased perfusion in the lower extremities, it does not typically result in decreased blood pressure in both the arms and legs simultaneously.
D. While increased blood pressure may occur in the arms, the legs would not typically show increased blood pressure in cases of coarctation.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Feeding on a strict schedule may not be beneficial for an infant with heart failure, as these babies often require more frequent, smaller feedings to prevent fatigue and ensure adequate nutrition.
B. Allowing the baby to take as much time as needed can be beneficial, but it is crucial to monitor for fatigue and ensure the infant receives sufficient nutrition within a reasonable time frame.
C. Adding increased calorie supplements to each bottle is an effective strategy to help meet the increased caloric needs of an infant with heart failure, indicating an understanding of the nutritional requirements.
D. While minimizing crying can be helpful, the focus should be on the infant's needs and ensuring they are fed before they become overly distressed, rather than a strict limit on crying time.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Egocentric thinking is characteristic of younger children in the preoperational stage, not adolescents.
B. Preoperational thinking applies to preschool-aged children and involves intuitive rather than logical reasoning.
C. Concrete thinking is typical of school-aged children in the concrete operational stage, where they think logically about concrete objects but may struggle with abstract concepts.
D. Abstract thinking develops during adolescence, allowing individuals to think logically about hypothetical situations, reason about moral issues, and engage in critical thinking.