A client frequently takes diphenhydramine (Benadryl) to alleviate his upper respiratory symptoms associated with allergies. Which of the following mechanism of actions applies to diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?
stimulates effects of histamine by occupying all H receptor sites.
blocks effects of histamine by competing and occupying H1 receptor sites.
blocks effects of histamine by competing and occupying H2 receptor sites.
stimulates effects of histamine by increasing amount of H2 receptor sites.
The Correct Answer is B
A. Stimulates effects of histamine by occupying all H receptor sites: This statement inaccurately describes the action of diphenhydramine. Instead of stimulating histamine effects, diphenhydramine actually blocks them, particularly at H1 receptors, which are involved in allergic responses.
B. Blocks effects of histamine by competing and occupying H1 receptor sites: This accurately describes the mechanism of action of diphenhydramine. As an antihistamine, it competes with histamine for binding to H1 receptor sites, effectively reducing symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, itching, and nasal congestion.
C. Blocks effects of histamine by competing and occupying H2 receptor sites: This option is incorrect because H2 receptor antagonists are used primarily to reduce gastric acid secretion, not to treat allergic reactions. Diphenhydramine specifically targets H1 receptors, not H2 receptors.
D. Stimulates effects of histamine by increasing the amount of H2 receptor sites: This statement is also incorrect. Diphenhydramine does not stimulate histamine activity or increase receptor sites. Instead, it functions to inhibit the action of histamine at H1 receptors, which is fundamental in alleviating allergy symptoms.
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Correct Answer is ["A","C"]
Explanation
A) Decongestants: These medications are primarily used to relieve nasal congestion associated with upper respiratory conditions such as allergic rhinitis and the common cold. They work by constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages, thereby reducing swelling and congestion. Common examples include pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine.
B) H2 Antagonist: H2 antagonists are primarily used to reduce gastric acid secretion and treat conditions such as peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). They are not indicated for upper respiratory conditions, so this option does not apply.
C) H1 Antagonist: H1 antagonists, or antihistamines, are used to alleviate symptoms of allergies, hay fever, and other upper respiratory conditions by blocking the effects of histamine. This class includes both first-generation antihistamines (like diphenhydramine) and second-generation antihistamines (like cetirizine), making them relevant for upper respiratory issues.
D) Long-Acting Beta Agonist (LABA): LABAs are primarily used for the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), targeting the lower respiratory tract. They are not typically used for upper respiratory conditions, so this option does not apply.
E) Short Acting Beta Agonist (SABA): SABAs, such as albuterol, are primarily used for acute asthma attacks and bronchospasm in conditions like COPD. They act on the lower respiratory tract and are not indicated for upper respiratory conditions.
F) Mast Cell Stabilizers: These medications are used to prevent allergic reactions and asthma symptoms by stabilizing mast cells and preventing the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. While they may have a role in allergic rhinitis, they are not the primary treatment for upper respiratory tract conditions, making this option less applicable compared to decongestants and H1 antagonists.
Correct Answer is ["B","D","E","F"]
Explanation
A) Ipratropium is the drug of choice for acute asthma exacerbations: This statement is incorrect. While ipratropium is used in the management of asthma, it is not the first-line treatment for acute exacerbations. Short-acting beta-agonists, such as albuterol, are the preferred choice for rapid relief during an acute asthma attack due to their quick onset of action.
B) Mechanism of action includes blocking acetylcholine receptors in the airway: This statement is accurate. Ipratropium is an anticholinergic agent that works by blocking acetylcholine receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle. This action leads to bronchodilation and helps to decrease mucus production, making it effective for managing airway constriction.
C) Mechanism of action includes antagonizing histamine receptors of the upper airway: This statement is incorrect. Ipratropium does not act on histamine receptors; rather, it specifically targets acetylcholine receptors. Antihistamines are the medications that block histamine receptors, primarily used for allergic reactions and rhinitis, but not for bronchodilation in asthma.
D) Client's who are allergic to soybean should avoid taking ipratropium: This statement is true. Ipratropium bromide may contain soy lecithin, which can pose a risk for patients with soybean allergies. Therefore, it is essential for healthcare providers to assess a patient’s allergy history before prescribing this medication.
E) Urinary retention is a side effect of Ipratropium bromide: This is correct. Anticholinergic medications, including ipratropium, can lead to urinary retention as a side effect due to their action of inhibiting acetylcholine, which plays a role in bladder function. Patients should be monitored for this side effect, especially if they have a history of urinary issues.
F) Ipratropium (Atrovent) is a medication for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): This statement is accurate. Ipratropium is indicated for both asthma and COPD management, as it helps to relieve bronchospasm and improve airflow. It is often used as an adjunct therapy in combination with other bronchodilators for better management of respiratory conditions.