A 20-month-old is in what stage according to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
Industry vs. Inferiority.
Trust vs. Mistrust.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt.
Initiative vs. Guilt.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A rationale
The Industry vs. Inferiority stage, according to Erikson, occurs from age 6 to puberty, where children focus on learning, developing skills, and striving for competence. A 20-month-old
child is not yet in this stage.
Choice B rationale
The Trust vs. Mistrust stage is the earliest stage in Erikson's theory, occurring from birth to about 18 months. While a 20-month-old child has recently transitioned out of this stage, it
is not the stage applicable to their current developmental phase.
Choice C rationale
The Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage occurs from approximately 18 months to 3 years. At 20 months, children are striving for independence, making choices, and developing a
sense of self-control, which is characteristic of this stage.
Choice D rationale
The Initiative vs. Guilt stage occurs from ages 3 to 6 years, where children begin to assert power and control through directing play and other social interactions. A 20-month-old child
is not in this stage yet.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Negative behaviors characterized by the need for autonomy are typical of toddlers. According to Erikson, this stage is known as autonomy versus shame and doubt, where toddlers
assert their independence and develop self-control.
Choice B rationale
Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt applies to preschool children, not toddlers. This stage involves children beginning to assert power and control over their environment through
directing play and other social interactions.
Choice C rationale
The need to start a task and complete it is associated with Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority, which applies to school-aged children, not toddlers. This stage involves
developing a sense of pride in their accomplishments.
Choice D rationale
The discovery of their identity is a characteristic of Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion, which pertains to adolescence. During this stage, teenagers work on refining a
sense of self.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The absence of creases on the plantar surface is typical of a preterm infant, not a term infant. Term infants usually have some creases.
Choice B rationale
Abundant lanugo is more common in preterm infants, while term infants may have some but not extensive lanugo.
Choice C rationale
A flexed position at rest is expected in a term neonate, as it indicates good muscle tone and neuromuscular development.
Choice D rationale
The pinna of the ear remaining folded is more indicative of a preterm infant, as term infants typically have fully formed and firmer ear cartilage.