A 20-month-old is in what stage according to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
Industry vs. Inferiority.
Trust vs. Mistrust.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt.
Initiative vs. Guilt.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A rationale
The Industry vs. Inferiority stage, according to Erikson, occurs from age 6 to puberty, where children focus on learning, developing skills, and striving for competence. A 20-month-old
child is not yet in this stage.
Choice B rationale
The Trust vs. Mistrust stage is the earliest stage in Erikson's theory, occurring from birth to about 18 months. While a 20-month-old child has recently transitioned out of this stage, it
is not the stage applicable to their current developmental phase.
Choice C rationale
The Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage occurs from approximately 18 months to 3 years. At 20 months, children are striving for independence, making choices, and developing a
sense of self-control, which is characteristic of this stage.
Choice D rationale
The Initiative vs. Guilt stage occurs from ages 3 to 6 years, where children begin to assert power and control through directing play and other social interactions. A 20-month-old child
is not in this stage yet.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Preoperational stage starts around age 2 to 7 years, characterized by symbolic thinking.
Choice B rationale
Concrete operational stage starts around age 7 to 11 years, involving logical thinking about concrete events.
Choice C rationale
Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) is when infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
Choice D rationale
Formal operational stage begins at approximately age 12 and involves abstract and hypothetical thinking.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Examining the tympanic membrane at the beginning may cause distress to the child and make the rest of the exam difficult.
Choice B rationale
Before auscultating the chest and abdomen, the child needs to be calm and cooperative, which might not be the case if their ear is examined first.
Choice C rationale
Examining the tympanic membrane before the head and neck could lead to increased anxiety and uncooperativeness in the child during the rest of the exam.
Choice D rationale
Examining the tympanic membrane at the end allows for a more accurate and complete examination without causing the child to become distressed early in the process.